Solar evaporation of brines



Figi.

s. D. LESESNE Filed Feb. 2, 1948 SOLAR EVAPORATION OF' BRINES www l iilwzw MMM y IW MMM i. ma 11i lil! 1|, MT N hm vw, .1 llll izi/n In Y 14 m E /M Anf um Jll mm r V/ Y! ||9 FH 5N ,if 0% m @mm fw Z mm Mm www E 0 [DRH CCV@ 6 RSSQ tu wv N wwmmwk 9 a a a L ,0. 0. 0. 0 o w 0 .M 0 0 05 wSnkmQ \\n`MGk 9 7 5 3 Z Dec. 5, 1950 glo/11211123454,

INVENTOR. Ff Q- Shermanlefme,

BY @M W TTORNEY Vii-lin peri'nitted to dry before the 'nent is latenteci Dec. 5,

UNITEDI STATES PATENT FFICE a532,924 sortit etieonmoson seines Sle'lari D. Lesesie, Iquique', Chile; assignorto Compaia Salitiiera de,Tfarapaca y Antofagasta,` a corporation of Chile Applicationebroaiy 2, 194s, fseini o. tte" In chile April io,v 19er laims.

dry air, leaving a residue if the solid material.

This prineiple been employed to some extent in the pan' evaporation of brine's Aformed of water and ntttiirallyA oeeurring mineral depositsin a shallow' iron pan of suitable si'ze is' nlled with the solution and is iizlosd Vto the atmosphere 'until the kwater evanorates". en` objection to this proeediiie is that itis tinie-eonsnining, andthe salt residue in'ay also' contain so high a percent: age of water of composition anu-entrane tree watery that 'further del'lyditl with heat is' lil- L ment and operation is greatly increased.

Aoordingto the present invention dehytlifaf tion of brines and `the*idiot/ery oi sa1tstneiein is eireoteo by vineens of natiiiatlv or solar evapora: tion, and without the necessity of utilizing pensive apparatus orartiiio'iai neat. In disti' process eo'ntinplates the controlled distribution of a brine overi'l evaporatiiig area,4 in'sfces'siv thin sheets or lins which are applied at time inf-'5' tei als proportioned to the 'free' evaporation rate fr the immediate atmospheric conditi (salts to be recovered) will lose its water to lthe f atmosphere. It may be expressed as Qin/AKT, here Qin the a'runt (iii terms of ina-ss or vlil'n of solution) evaporated over ah area A tinte T. suon reteilof course,- inay boue-f' termines' by simpie' test and observation,- aiiu the test siiid be' conducted with the liquidsur: face being well exposed; In other words'evapi ora-tio from a shallow dish will proceed more rapidly than from anecked flash; As surf 'e eva-poration from a strong unstirred brine te to"` increase the salt concentra-tion Von the sii'rfc layer, and thereby form a crust; the free' evap'oran'-v tin rate of sucha solution is invariably less than the free evaporation rate of pure water. l Y n this specification, examples Willwlo'e cited from the practice of the invention in Tarapaa Province,V Republic ofChile,v where thereoccur large deposits of sodium nitrate admixed with othercompounds. These deposits are found as an orel comprising sodium nitrate crystals inti- (Cluseciel 2 mately mixed iii a semi-'cemented state with other soluble salts, such vas sodium chloride and sodium and magnesium sulphates, and with in; vsciluble matter such as small stones, sand,` and clay. Separation of the valuable salts'from the gangu is ected by leaching.l The region is relatively arid, and in this respect is comparable to 'certain southwestern portions of the United States wherein valuable mineral deposits also oeurf It should therefore be understood that the invention is applicable to the evaporation of various kinds of solutions, and its utility is not restricted to extremely high atmospheric VtemL peratures. For most satisfactory results, the

- prevailing atmosphere should be clear and sunny,

of low humidity; and Ywith daylight temperatures normally in escess of '70 Fahr. As an example, weather measurements made on the pampa dur-y inglrtherst two Weelsof June showeclnoaii daily temperatures of from 70"'170'83o Fahryjw l a; hiean'of about 78 occurring betweeny 1:00 f 4:00 p. m., during which period the el'at hiinidity ranged from 18 to 46 per cent w `il average below 30%: `Low daily tempera-t res during ,the sem@ l period varied between. Send 46?Ylahlewithanavefag Ofabgut 4.1.7,- and they occurred between 6:09 am and 920,0 ain;- high for `,relative,humidity @Wilfredo-bout, e-:imf on theaveraga en@ ranged from escolar 32%, *1 0` Complete Saturatie? l e l on .Pieiller/esista Sul-heuristic Cendiiierlsare.entrelyelitebla se@ itwill besesntleat liberarse@ ueesutlfqr man? parts of the world where solar evaporation is de- Sred" l l 2me. 11,-.,1. in l. la e 11i thsubqueht pertionsof .this descrip. Qa

reference 4willlnbe A,made to ,themdiagrams shown ony theeappended drawing, wherein;

. Fis -1 is, a graph Showing psyhrometr fcil onsduringna typical operating day and also the quantityfofbribes/escrow@ and v Fig? is a diagram illustrating controlled evaporation by the present process in terrns ofquarititty/and also in relation to the solution free evaporation rate.l

Before proceeding with a discussion ojthe fig-i tires,- a general outline ojfmsuitable oneratiijigpro:v cedures will be given. There is rstselected suitable evaporating ground area,whichV should be Afairly smooth.. although lit need not be 'level'.q Such varea may haveya surface of the naturally occurring Sand or ,cl-ayfthe clay is 0i course less pervous *tov a solutiony poured onto itvgplout'` has been found that -porousrsand laj1somrna-tkes la; suitable bed or foundation when the process is properly Conducted The. evaso-,ating eresmas? be of dsuch extent as caribe comfortably attended to; Pilot plant areas Jof froinfl to 190.*'souare meters have beenY initially utilized,A andv awful-l scale working rareawmay be 200 x A109@rrieliefis, Preliminary operations on a small or pilot plant area were found useful in confirming the utility of the process and justifying the cost of preparing larger beds. This area is to receive repeated additions of the brine to be evaporated, which is spread uniformly over the surface, first on the bare ground, and thereafter on the salt deposit.

Some equipment is economically helpful to distribute the solution. In a large working area, such as that just alluded to, a roadway or track may be built in a loop around the surface to accommodate a moving car provided with spraying arms which traverse the area a short distance above the surface. The car may be a tank car carrying a large volume of solution, or provision may be made to supply the brine from a ditch located along the roadway. When the distributing pipes or spray arms are provided with orices of xed size, and the liquid is forced through them at a constant rate, Variations of intensity of depositing the solution may be effected by controlling the velocity of the vehicle. Alternatively, the rate of pumping may be varied. The basic function of any such equipment is simply to spread a thin sheet of the solution over each unit area of the bed, with control over the amounts deposited in units of time. With this in mind, it will be readily seen that the precise lnature of the handling equipment admits of a Wide range of selection.

' A typical Chilean nitrate solution susceptible f1 of evaporation may analyze as follows:

Grams per liter This solution was sprayed over a bed of 42 square meters area in successive increments Yfrom 8:00 a. m. to 5:00 p. m. at an average hourly rate of 0.5 liter per square meter. As each layer or film was deposited, it was seen to evaporate, as ascertained by the fact that, when first deposited, it glistened in the sun, but Within a few minutes became lusterless. Approximately ten deposits per hour were effected, thus making the rate of solution deposition per minute about eight cubic centimeters of solution per square meter. At the end of three months, the bed was covered with a crust of salts ten centimeters thick, and it was then ready to be harvested by bulldozer and truck. When i'lrst deposited, the initially drying salts retained about 10% moisture. However, by harvest time the residual moisture was only 2 In connection with the foregoing operation, it may be noted that the free evaporation rate of the brine from a pan was 6.6 liters of solution per square meter per day, or about 0.55 liter per hour for the operating day. At the same time, the free evaporation rate of water Was approximately 10 liters per day. The solution evaporation rate is accordingly less, and it tends to decrease as the magnesium salt content increases. Further, the distribution rate of the brine was less than the solution free evaporation rate. This limitation was imposed to preclude the penetration of the soil, or the deposited salt layer, by the applied solution, as oversaturation of the bed would increase the residual water content of the deposit, and also invite some leaching. When the brine is deposited at such a rate that it may evaporate rapidly by solar heat, the porosity of the soil is not an adverse factor, as penetration can be limited to a depth of a centimeter or two.

In the foregoing example, rates of distribution in terms of minutes and hours have been given, together with the gloss efect as an index to the determination of addition rate. For best results, it is better practice to vary the rate of addition in accordance with the instantaneous free evaporation rate during the day. This is illustrated in Fig. 2. The upper line represents free evaporation rate during a typical day. It will be seen that, from about 9:00 p, m. to 8:00 a. m. the evaporation rate is negative, moisture being precipitated from the chilled atmosphere. This does not mean actual rainfall, but simply that the air is so moisture laden, for its existing temperature, that natural evaporation does not take place. Beginning about 8:00 a. m. the increasing air temperature causes a lowering of the relative humidity, thus increasing the rate until about 2:00 p. m., after which the rate decreases. Fig. 2 has been plotted from the observations over a four day period in January, during which the rate rose from zero to over 0.9 liter per square meter per hour at midday.

The underlying shaded area represents the distribution of the foregoing brine over the bed, and it will be seen that the amount applied was increased and decreased in proportion to the free evaporation rate. Operations were begun when the free rate was about 0.1 liter per square meter per hour, and the solution Was applied more rapidly as the free rate increased, to a maximum of 0.85 liter per square meter per hour, Total deposition of solution for the working day amounted to about 4.8 liters per square meter. As before, the lms were deposited in thin layers at short time intervals, or after the preceding lm had substantially dried.

As noted above, the increase in rate of deposition can be effected either by metering the brine at a variable flow rate, or by feeding at a constant flow with increased speed of application. A unit feeding of say fifty to sixty cubic centimeters per meter may be made with change in car velocity, thereby controlling the amount deposited per square meter. When the total amount deposited per unit area at any one feeding is so great that the solution soaks into the underlying deposit, rather than evaporates, one of the benefits of the process has been impaired. To preclude this result, the car is speeded up and the driver can soon learn to regulate his speed, knowing from experience how soon the gloss effect shouldrdisappear.

Variable intensity or quantity of deposition at a substantially constant application time rate (that is, at uniform intervals of time) may be illustrated by the following example, to be considered in connection with Fig. 1. A strong brine was distributed over the bed, and as appliedit has the following composition:

Grams per liter NaNos 357.9 NaCl 177.2 Na2SO4 53.8 Mg (as such) 26.5 K (as such) 30 Na2B4O7 10.2 Elemental iodine 3.9 Total solids 662 It will be seen that this is a highly concentrated brine.V Herein, as in the previous example, the present process rdiffers from commercial pan evaporation. wherein it has been found by experiene that the operation should start with a relatively weak solution.

Thisvbrine was distributed over the bed, by means of a constantly moving spray nozzle, at avariable quantity of deposit in unit increments of time, in direct proportion to the difference between dry and wet bulb temperatures. Fig. 1

shows (curve A) the dry bulb or normal atmospheric temperature during the working day; curve B) the wet bulb temperature over the bed; (curve C) the relative humidity; and (curve D) the amount of liquid deposited from time to time. The deposition was effected at five minute intervals, the wet and dry bulb readings being made continuously in the traveling vehicle to ascertain the proper concentration.

A few of the readings may be tabulated as follows:

It will be seen that in this example the amount deposited at each unit interval of spraying time is less than the free evaporation rate for the same interval, and it is also less than the amount of liquid which would penetrate the bed. This rate of addition, in terms of volume per square meter, is nominally twice the difference in dry and wet bulb temperatures, from which variations in the film thickness can be estimated. All iilms were sufficiently thin to evaporate before penetrating, and even thicker films can be tolerated. The loss of luster may also be observed when this procedure is followed. Inasmuch as the thermometers were carried on the vehicle, no account had to be taken of actual wind velocity or barometric pressure.

Comparing Figs. 1 and 2, it will be noted that Fig. 2 shows directly how the amount of solution added to the units of evaporating area is maintained at a value close to but below the free evaporation rate. In Fig. l, this effect is obtained with respect to curve D as well, whose various elevations are proportional to the temperature differences between curves A and B at corresponding times. That is to say, in discussing Fig. 2, the free rate was taken as having been determined by comparative measurements from an open pan, whereas in Fig. l the free rate is determined by air and wet bulb temperature readings. Expressed otherwise, one may write:

Q... Mira) Free rate-AXT A T ployment of such a factor assurs that the' amount of solutiondeposited will not significantly penetrate the bed before becoming substantially evaporated.

It may be noted that the relative humidity curve C, while approximately accurate for the period of time plotted, has nevertheless been laid in from instantaneous readings which depart as much as several per cent in some instances. The deposition intensity curve D is therefore not exactly inversely proportional to the relative humidity, but only generally so. It is therefore better practice to effect distribution ofthe solution in accordance with the temperature -differential between the thermometers. Inasmuch as the amount deposited per minute ranged from two or three to over sixteen cubic centimeters, and it is difficult to distribute so Small amounts uniformly in such short periods of time, it is also preferable to choose a longer 'time interval, say five minutes, and distributea greater amount as indicated by the foregoing figures. The time intervals and quantities may of course be varied to conform to local conditions.

From the foregoing examples, it will be seen that the invention permits the recovery of salts from solutions thereof without the necessity of articially fired evaporators or large numbers of pans, since solar heat is utilized andv the 'soil' itself may serve as the bed. 'Ihe amount of brine deposited on a unit area of the evaporati'ng surface is made less than the free evaporation rate, therebyV preventing leaching, and deposits are made repeatedly during the available portion of the working day in order tobuil'd up the bed as'- rapidly as possible. Practical experience with the process has shown that itis highly economical compared with prior methods. When the amount of atmospheric precipitation becomes so great that there is danger of leaching, the bed may be protected by temporary coverings, which can be removed when operations are resumed.

I claim:

l. A method of recovering soluble minerals .f from solutions thereof which comprises establishing an evaporating bed on a surface exposed to available sunshine, applying a film of the solution over the bed during daylight hours to evaporate the same by solar heat, applying a second llm of solution to the same bed after the first layer has become substantially dehydrated. thereafter successively applying additional films to the same bed after the preceding nlm has become substantially dehydrated, and limiting the amounts of all films in respect of quantity of solution applied to less than the free evaporation rate of the solution.

2. A method of recovering soluble minerals from solutions thereof which comprises establishing an evaporating bed on a surface exposed to available sunshine, applying successive nlms of the solution to the same bed during daylight hours to successively evaporate said films by solar heat, applying each successive iilm only after the preceding film on the same bed has been substantially dehydrated, limiting the amount of any film to a quantity less than that which will soak into and be absorbed by dried preceding films, further limiting the amount of any said film to a quantity less than the free evaporation rate of the solution, and increasing and decreasing the amounts of the several films in proportion to increasing and decreasing changes in the free evaporation rate during the day.

3. In the recovery of saline minerals from br'ns containing the same, the process which comprises establishing a ground surface evaporating bed, spraying the bed with a thin film of the brine during those periods of the day when the bed is exposed to solar heat and there is a measurable difference between wet and dry bulb ten-- perature readings over the bed, limiting the,

amount of solution per unit area of bed to less than the free evaporation rate at the time of spraying, repeating the spraying of the bed with more solution only after the preceding iilm has dried, continuing the spraying of the bed with additional thin films applied to preceding dried lms, and raking up the deposited minerals when a crust of suicient thickness has been obtained.

4. In the recovery of saline minerals from solutions thereof, Vthe process which comprises layfing out a ground area exposed during daylight hours to available sunshine, said area consisting of a plurality of unit measurement areas and constituting an evaporating bed, depositing on the unit areas of the bed a thin nlm of solution only when there is a measurable diierence in the wet and dry bulb temperature readings over the bed, limiting the quantity deposited on said unit areas to less than the free evaporation rate over said area at the time the deposit is made, applying a second thin film likewise limited in quantity only after the rst nlm has substantially dried, and varying the unit quantities of said deposits in proportion to changes in the free evaporation rate.

5. In the recovery of saline materials from solutions thereof, the process which comprises laying out an evaporating bed measurably divisible into unit areas, depositing on said areas a thin lm of solution during daylight hours when the bed is exposed to solar heatL and there is measurable difference between wetl and dry bulb thermometer readings over the bed and the areas thereof, limiting the amount of solution for each unit area to less than the free evaporation rate and proportioning the quantity to the difference between the thermometer readings, continually repeating the deposition of solution so limited and proportioned to the same areas only after the preceding deposit has dried, and further limiting the quantity of solution applied to an amount less than that which would be substantially absorbed by underlying layers.

SHERMAN D. LESESNE.

REFERENCES CITED FIne following references are of record in the le of this patent:

UNlTED STATES PATENTS @Trim REFERENCES Chemical Eng., Volume 54, Number 6', June 

